01RAG
chunking, embeddings (OpenAI text-embedding-3, Voyage, Cohere, BGE, E5), vector databases (pgvector, Qdrant, Weaviate, Pinecone, Milvus, Chroma, FAISS), hybrid search (BM25 and vector, RRF, Elasticsearch, OpenSearch), reranking (Cohere, bge-reranker), ANN indexes (HNSW, IVFFlat), Recall@k, LlamaIndex
02Documents and OCR
PDF parsing (Docling, Unstructured, PyMuPDF), OCR (Tesseract, AWS Textract, Azure Document Intelligence)
03Agents
tool calling, agent loop, guardrails, checkpointing, human-in-the-loop, multi-agent patterns, MCP (Model Context Protocol, own servers with FastMCP), LangGraph and LangChain, LlamaIndex, Pydantic AI, DSPy, Claude Agent SDK, OpenAI Agents SDK, CrewAI, AutoGen, Temporal
04Observability
Langfuse, LangSmith, Arize Phoenix, Helicone, OpenTelemetry, traces and spans, cost measurement
05Eval tooling
promptfoo, Ragas, DeepEval, Braintrust
06Guardrails
Guardrails AI, NeMo Guardrails, Llama Guard, PII masking (Presidio, NER)
07Model strategy
model routing, escalation, Batch API, fine-tuning versus RAG
08Fine-tuning
LoRA and QLoRA, PEFT, SFT, distillation, behaviour versus knowledge
09Cloud AI
AWS Bedrock, Azure OpenAI, Google Vertex AI, Groq, local models (Ollama, vLLM, Hugging Face, Llama, Mistral)
10Demo interfaces
Streamlit, Gradio
11Low-code automation
n8n, Make, Zapier, where they fit and where they stop